Keynes Goes to the Market

John Maynard Keynes, to the uninitiated, was the Numero Uno of Economics, the original thinker, with a particular bias to common sense.  Among his finest pieces of scholarship was the assertion that what is good for the individual need not be – often decidedly is not – good for the country’s economy.  An outstanding illustration of this is a recessionary economy.  When times are bad, people cut back on expenses and enter a state of monetary hibernation.  The country cannot and should not do that; on the contrary it must spend more, possibly on public goods and services.  Such an expenditure, though it creates a deficit,  acts as a stimulus to restart the process of development. 

In 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi was building the foundation for a fairer and ecologically just society, Keynes – possibly he was influenced by Gandhi, possibly not – wrote:

            “Now it is true that the needs of human beings may seem to be insatiable.  But they fall into two classes – those needs which are absolute in the sense that we feel them whatever the situation of our fellow human beings may be, and those which are relative in the sense that we feel them only if their satisfaction lifts us above others, makes us feel superior to our fellows.”

            He went on to argue that if world output grew another ten-fold, humanity’s absolute needs would be abundantly satisfied, but because it is impossible for everyone to do better than everyone else, relative gains for everyone would remain as impossible as ever.  We can therefore, by the acquisition of things, be temporarily superior to another – perhaps for a day or even less – but we come up against someone in our peer group who is better off in a relative way.  What is meant to make us happy, he implied, actually does the reverse.

Prophetic.

At the start of the twenty-first century, most of the developed countries had indeed achieved a ten-fold increase in real income (that is, keeping the value of money at 1930 prices).  People who live in these countries, and in the glittering metropolis’ of the developing world (such as Bangalore) have an abundant supply of all sorts of products and services they could possibly want.  These things have been made at an immense ecological cost, a cost which is not counted or allocated to their bill of material.  It is a cost that has put our planet’s future at risk.

…and yet, here’s the funny part,  study after laborious study shows that rich people around the planet are rarely happy.

So, just what are we hurting ourselves for?

For eighty three years, we have not listened to the wisdom of John Maynard Keynes.  Can we start today?

Reduce your consumption – it’s the least you can do for your planet.

A Dump of Bullshit

From The Hindu dated Friday May 3^rd, page 14

(with some apologies for a personal interpretation)

“Poverty,” said the Asian Development Bank chief, sipping his bottled water, “amid progress worries me greatly.  It is disheartening that in a region of such rapid progress, we still have a population of more than 800 million people living in absolute poverty.  This, along with growing inequality, remains an overarching challenge” he said, while making his presentation in an impeccably tailored suit, in a air-conditioned room at the Indian Expo Mart at Greater Noida (the outside temperature was 38 degrees Celsius). 

The ADB Chief indicated that the bank’s lending programme may have to be lowered, simply because the income from investments of surplus resources (which are mostly lent to European countries) has come down due to lower interest rates.  Despite the tight financial position, the Chief added, the ADB would still be interested in promoting a number of projects in India (remember, he is greatly worried by poverty).  Such projects include the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor - no doubt, all of India's poor people live along this line or will migrate to it - and other highway and railway projects.  He said that poverty could be eradicated only through (hold your breath: not food, not jobs & livelihood, not income, not security, not healthcare or sanitation) infrastructure development and, towards this end, co-financing with the private sector and attracting offshore funds - perhaps he had Argentina, Greece and Spain in mind - would “act as a catalyst in promoting infrastructure finance.”

Then, the ADB Chief seemed to forget everything he had said.  “It is because of domestic demand that India, China and other emerging market economies in Asia have enjoyed stronger growth and I think it will continue, led by strong consumption demand” he ended.

While he was making this epoch speech, no doubt to applause and encomium, there were two news items that entered the media radar. 

 - For the first time ever, all the fourteen districts of Kerala were declared drought-hit.  Perhaps they do not have infrastructure; of what use is total literacy, when a road to Hell may have made the drought easier to handle? 
 - The Supreme Court strongly endorsed the role of the gram sabha to decide if land must be given away to infrastructure projects, mining or industry.  It is beyond doubt, the Supreme Court said, that there is an organic connection between tribals and their land; that bond must be respected. 

The ADB Chief ended his meeting early.  He had to meet another 82 year old economist who, like him, lives in an ivory tower, but in New Delhi.  And then there was a flight to catch to another country, where this polemic pronouncement, this passionate plea for poverty purge, would be delivered to a fawning audience in the comfort of a temperature-controlled convention centre.

Putinitoff a quick one Da

The other day, while searching for old school friends on Facebook, I came across Christopher’s photograph.  He hadn’t changed much and, as I stared at the picture, the years rolled back to the moment when, in the Ninth, I stood terrified in front of the goal as a packaged tornado names Chris, in possession of the ball, came charging at me, seventy-two kgs of fat and muscle.  When he kicked the ball – kick is an understatement, for his normal tendency was to propel it with violence, to give it the third degree – it was at my face.  The resulting swelling on my nose took a week to subside.

Chris, the photograph clearly showed, had only added to his seventy-two and in no small measure.  But then, he was the quintessential Bangalore Anglo-Indian and all of them, without exception, loved their meats and their wines (particularly if the wine was a turpentine-hard rum).  They were, somewhat disparagingly, called Dings, a term I shall eschew, referring to them instead as Anglos.  Every old-timer in the city has had his or her share of encounters with Anglos, each such encounter resulting in a little unforgettable story.  For they were a unique community of English-speaking, fun-loving, quirky, often charismatic, live-for-today mavericks.  Aah!  You have an objection, I see; why am I using the past tense here?   Read on.

Up until the 1990s, most of the Anglos in the city lived in the area stretching from Frazer Town to Kammenhalli and Lingarajapuram, the last being designated with wicked humour as ‘United Dingdom’, a particular jibe on the community’s predilection for all things British.  Indeed, the old-timers will tell you that, until about fifty years ago, when an Anglo spoke of home, it was the British Isles, even if he had never been there or could not place it on a map of Europe. 

The origins of the Anglos is hardly a mystery.  The English, Irish and, in particular, the Scotsmen in India, for all their sniffing at the natives and inherent sense of superiority, weren’t averse to dalliances with Indian women, and this was seen by many Indians amongst the lower middle-class and lower class as a sign of upward mobility.  The resulting progeny benefited from the inherently British sense of fair play – they had access to English convent education, British names – Harriet, Alfred, Patricia and about a dozen others -  and some preference in jobs.  The outcome was a rather unique combination: light skin colour and Caucasian brawn in a physical sense, a pyschological and demographic profile of the working class, much left to be desired in academic ability, and a general loyalty to the good life and the British empire (in that order).  The English that the Anglos spoke was different from the educated ‘natives’ as well, and brilliantly quaint; I have spent many evenings rolling in laughter while my friends Vij and Vikas mimicked the Anglo accent to perfection.  Vikas’ apocryphal encounter with a certain Kevin is particularly vibrant.  Coming across Kevin kicking the football listlessly into the net, he asked him the obvious stupid question (in Anglo language) ,”Kevin, whatchadoing, Bob?” To which an irascible Kevin apparently said, ”puttinoff a goal in the ‘ole, you buggah.”   

Anglos were outstanding do-ers, not thinkers.  You would see them running their own garages around Bangalore, or being fitters, electricians, or – as is much stereotyped -  engine drivers (communities of them lived in towns that had railway junctions).  The best educated ones among them were -  I say this in humour -  sports teachers, one such seasoned campaigner, Macbride, being my school’s legendary hockey coach (“if ya bloody ‘ell not passa ball, I’ll give ya a bloody whippin’, ya miserable buggah”).  Yet, it is the enduring image of our plumber from the 1980s that comes back to me today.  If you had a problem with the taps, you called Al.  He would fetch up on his cycle, dressed for a formal evening at the club, with a tie, an impeccably clean shirt and a pair of black or brown shoes that shone like an oil-can.  His English -  polite, calm and reassuring, addressing my mother with a respectful ‘Ma’am’ -  was only marred by the rather overpowering smell of beef in an alcohol-laden breath.  When he rolled his sleeves up and got down to work, you saw a muscular forearm, a firm grip and a tendency to go down the drain (this is no metaphoric statement, do take it literally), where no man had gone before.  Job done (“have putinitoff one pipe, Sir, no mess for a hundred years now”), he would wash up, politely state his modest fee and leave, but not before he had had the tea that my mother had prepared; she found it impossible to treat him as anyone other than an equal, such was his demeanour.  It wasn’t just the men who were exceptional with their hands, the women were gifted cooks as well, creating their own brand of hybrid cuisine that, as can be expected, leaned towards the British culinary method.  In the evenings, after the hard work of the day, you could expect to find Al, with his friends, in a bar in Lingarajapuram, nursing his Hercules XXX Rum.  The Anglos, in general, were heavy drinkers, a fact that took its toll on many families among them. 

I often wondered what it must have been like for a community to move from reasonable status on the social pyramid in pre-independence India, to one of sub-dominance in the economic reality of the last thirty years.  In a city increasingly obsessed with education and the creation of theorists – those who will draw the plumbing diagram for a skyscraper, but cannot change a tap to save their grandmother – was the doer, the hands-on Anglo, a lesser mortal now, to be seen as workers or labour?  If so, what must have been this impact on the community’s esteem?

Until the late 1980s, the Anglos were an integral part of Bangalore city but, when the process for emigration to Australia eased up, the younger generation began to move there in substantial numbers.  Why Australia?  Perhaps it was to do with esteem, for they must had apprehensions of inequality if they moved to the UK, perhaps it was to do with the increased income, perhaps it was the Australian belief in fun, beer and live-for-the-day.  Perhaps it was the World’s finest beef.   Many of them moved via the Middle East, where they had gone to work, while others moved after the older generation had passed away and they had sold their properties.  One fine day, in the early 1990s, for instance, Al’s number was disconnected.  And that was it. The Anglos who remain, to the best of my limited knowledge, are not as maverick as the generation before them.  Hence, the past tense in sepia.

About a month ago, I was driving by the concrete-and-glass buildings off Outer Ring Road, the part that abutts Kammanahalli and one could not help feeling a tinge of remorse at having lost a part of our city when a community chose to move away.  United Dingdom, I recognised, was gone for good.  

Horn OK Please - Except on Mondays

This Monday was ‘no-horn’ day.

What’s your take?

Mine is: as bad ideas go,

This one takes the cake.

You see, we horn

While a baby is born

In love forlorn

When weary, war-torn

At the pedestrian-moron.

Since you look at me askance

I need to further explain my stance.

You see, we beep

Everytime we weep

When the baby needs sleep

As the farmer herds sheep

At the pedestrian-creep.

Then, how can we shun

The finger on the gun?

I can see you don’t see eye-to-eye

Again, permit me to explain why?

You see, we horn-whistle

At the drop of a thistle

Or the launch of a missle

As it begins to drizzle
At the pedestrian-imbecile.

Every dog has its day, but ‘No-horn’ does not

If you disagree now, I pity your lot.

Even, by the way, when you read this loony verse

You may horn to lend voice to morbid curse.

The good news folks is

That ‘no-horn day’

Was a failure anyway.

There was no baby

No dog with raby,

No tears, no lost love, no pedestrian

No sheep, no thistle, no equestrian

No missle, no drizzle, no idiot gone bonk

Yet, millions of cars continued to honk.

Agadhalla

There are some days that make you think.

I am sitting at Agadhalla village, at the base of Gopalswamy betta, at the edge of Bandipur Tiger Reserve.  A couple of hundred metres away is the main road to the temple atop the hill, a temple that is as breath-taking to reach as it is to behold.  The winding road to the top has panoramic views of the valleys below and the hills beyond, and sighting the odd elephant herd is routine.  Vehicles – the best of them – wind their way up, for the diety at Gopalswamy betta is revered by many.

Agadhalla is a couple of hundred metres away from the main road, but in every other sense, it could be on another planet. 

Every household has a story of woe to tell; often, it is the untold story that is vivid, evident in the expression of its denizens, in the deprivation that surrounds them, in the unimaginative homes that have been constructed for them by an uncaring administration.  The hamlet has two tribes – the Soligas and the Jenu Kurubas – and the friction between them is evident.  As the men and women engage in high-volume banter, there is little joy that you might sense and lesser expectation.   Even as the entire village delves deeper into debt, alcohol is the staple diet of the men - and many women -  in the evenings (as we have learnt to expect).  The homes have nothing inside; a few clothes and utensils, the odd, broken trunk in the corner, all of which reveal an unwillingness to seek a better life.  For the hundredth time, I ask the question: why? 

And as we – a motley group of students and, well, older students (including me) -  install a few fuel-efficient stoves in some homes and then wind our way to the primary school to speak with Guruswamy, the assiduous teacher there, there are more stories that await.  Of a child abandoned, of single-parent homes, of an older child who threatened to emulate his father and kill himself if forced to go to middle school.  

The relationship the hamlet shares with the forest is beset with tension: the Forest Department asserts that there is illegal firewood harvesting and the odd poaching of wildlife and when a Forester was speaking to me, the denizens stayed away.  Far away.  This village, he grumbled, is spoilt and lazy and wants easy work and easy money.  The Government gives them cheap food - 28 kg of rice, 5 kg of wheat and a kilo of sugar for just Rs. 120 - so they don’t really need to work much and now, by giving them free fuel-efficient stoves, he implied, you are spoiling them even more.  They see the forest as an exploit-able resource, to be plundered, not protected, he asserted fiercely.  I had to admit that he had a point.  But then, everyone did, everyone had a point in this forgotten village, in this place no one would want to understand.

Agadhalla is, be assured, just another tribal village around a National Park (Bandipur has a hundred and twenty three of them).  Another tick on my growing list of the tribal villages that I have spent time in around forests, searching for meaningful solutions.  Another tick on the growing list of an ailing, empty micro-society that is unhappy.  Perhaps angry.

Sitting in the sun that day and watching two little children on a tricycle, the dried flem from their noses seeming like a scar above their lips, their brown hair indicating protein deficiency, all of us asked the questions that have taunted me this long: why?  Why are we different from them?  

Why has it turned out this way, when we all know that the tribals were the original sustained protectors of the forest?  Why do they see the Forest Department as their enemy, when at least half their annual earnings come (or could come) from labour work done with the Department?  Why are they, as one of my students asked, unwilling to improve themselves, to seek work, to aspire for a better life, to yearn for a better tomorrow? And, most importantly, how can we catalyse change?  Change that preserves what is left of their culture, yet provides them respect and purpose and elicits from them, in turn, respect for the forest. 

That day, I returned to the metropolis, just in time to be at a friend’s place for dinner.   He introduced me to a colleague of his saying that I was ‘a guy who has quit the rat race to trample around forests’.  The colleague, mulled wine in hand, looked askance and with a mock shiver of his hand asked me if I was ‘an activist’. 

I don’t mind saying that I felt like hitting him then.

Seenappa buys a cow

Seenappa is amongst the most unassuming farmers you would come across in Javalagiri.  A thin, wiry man with a toothy smile and the easy stride that farmers have, his commitment to hard work is special.  Which is why I seek his labour as often as I can, to do the odd digging, clearing and planting that farms are always crying out for.  If there is one part of him that is possibly less endowed than it should be, it is the part well enclosed by the skull.  To add to this woeful deficiency of grey matter, is an inability to take decisions when they should be taken – a factor that has ensured his wife’s dominance over significant aspects of his life.

In July, Seenappa had exchanged a word with me on his monsoon plan; he would spend about seven thousand rupees on growing ragi on his land – this was normal -  and another fifteen on a cow.

“My wife…” he explained.  When I struggled to find the connection between female bovine and the better half, he elaborated, “it’s her decision to buy the cow.  It is milking now and we reckon that the profit in the next few months should be substantial.”  I tended to agree as a milking cow is generally (save for the onset of a nasty illness) a safe bet.  Farmers in these parts buy cattle that are a genetic mix of Jersey and naati (local) for, while this reduces the yield of milk, the animal is hardier and easier to maintain. 

Seenappa made his investments and, over the months,  kept me abreast of the progress.  The cow was doing well.  The ragi – failure of the monsoon notwithstanding – was ok.

When I saw Seenappa a few days ago, he grinned at me as he always does and, honestly, he looked a bit different.  Just what was different about him, I could not fathom and, as he began to chat, I lost that thread of thought. 

“How are your investments, Seenappa? The ragi and the cow?”

“Good, Sir,” he replied. “ I should get about twenty thousand from the ragi and its stalk sale (cattle fodder). But, Sir, this is only because all the effort is by me and my wife, with very little outside labour.” (which, incidentally is about two hundred rupees a day).  

So, a profit of about thirteen thousand rupees in all, for four months of regular effort, night vigils to prevent wild boar incursions and the risk of crop failure.

“And how is the cow coming along?”

He hesitated and then grinned (again, I noticed something different, but couldn’t place my finger on it).  “Sir, I don’t know about the cow. We spent about four thousand on the cow this season, and the milk has yielded about ten thousand.”

“That’s excellent!”  The analyst is me is calculating a return on investment (quarter-on-quarter) of forty percent.

“Yes, Sir.  A week ago, I was placing some feed near the cow when she, poor thing, shook her head to get rid of some flies.  Her horn took my tooth right out.” He lifted his gum to show me the now-dried stain; so this was what was different about him!

“Good Lord! But I suppose you are lucky it didn’t get further up……” Its easy to look at the brighter side, when it’s not you who has lost a tooth.

“Yes, Sir,” he readily agreed.”I went to the Government hospital and got it treated for free. But if I am to get a tooth to replace this, it should cost me a little more than all the profit that I have made on the cow this far.”

“That is dreadful!” I exclaimed. “So, what have you decided?”

“Well, we need the cow more than the tooth.” He answered philosophically as he walked briskly away, in that characteristic easy way of his, to dig another pit. 

MRI stands for My Radiant Inside

I just went through a scan called the MRI
Take my word: it isn't worth a try.
In the rarified world of academia
This chapter is 'An intro to claustrophobia'.

The sounds were from a broken hearse
Moving uphill in reverse.
I felt some needles and many pins
And nails on glass and sadistic djinns.

But when I went through the MRI
It was the bill that made me cry.